What is a Digital Signature? An introduction to Digital Signatures, by David Youd Bob (Bob's public key) (Bob's private key) Bob has been given two keys. One of Bob's keys is called a Public Key, the other is called a Private Key. Bob's Co-workers: Anyone can get Bob's Public Key, but Bob keeps his Private Key to himself Pat Doug Susan Bob's Public key is available to anyone who needs it, but he keeps his Private Key to himself. Keys are used to encrypt information. Encry…
Date 8 April 2008 Judgment Humber Oil Terminal Trustees Ltd -v- Owners of the Ship "Sivand", Court of Appeal 29 January 1998 The Issue ICE clause 12 ground condition claims and remoteness of damage. Implication Where a third party is liable for the costs of repair to a property, the appropriate measure of damages may be the sum which properly becomes due under the repair contract, including where appropriate sums payable as a consequence of unforeseeable physical conditions. Six and a half …
'Sociology of Law' looks at law and legal systems as a part of society and also as social institutions related to other institutions and changing with them. It regards law as one means of social control. Hence law is often made to be related to a moral order, to a body off customs and ideas about society. From this point of view, sociology of law is itself related to jurisprudence. Still it is not like jurisprudence. Sociology of law requires an understanding of the system of law no doubt. But it is still wider in scope. I…
The Sociology of Law has first and foremost it's foundations in the field of sociology. This area does, however, take an interdisciplinary as opposed to duel approach in analysing and understanding the relationship between law and society. Within this area, it is key to consider legal structures (i.e. the legal system), legal process (how law is made) and the interaction of the law in societal change and social control. It is important to critically analyse the impact, positive and negative, of law on race, class, gender and o…
Is one social group more involved in crime than other social groups? If so, what predisposes one social group to be more criminal than another? Many theories of crime are based on partly on official statistics provided by the police, courts and the government. In countries like Britain and the USA these show that some groups are more involved in crime than others. According to official data, the working class, the young and some minority ethnic groups are more likely to commit crimes than the middle class, the elderly, females …
Criminology refers to any kind of study concerned with crime and criminal justice. It is a term used to include a multitude of topics and approaches. Feminist perspectives, over the past thirty years have not only put some new topics under the criminological cover, they have challenged the theories, concepts, methods and assumptions of most of the people already involved in the study of crime. Criminology has for most feminist writers and researchers been a constraining rather than a constructive and creative influence. Theories of…
The basic assumption shared by all feminists is that women suffer certain injustices on account of their sex. Feminists stress the importance of gender divisions in society and it portrays these divisions as working to the overall advantage of men. Although feminists are united with their common desire for sexual justice and their concern for women’s welfare, there is a range spectrum of feminist views. Liberal feminism f ocuses on equal rights; radical feminism focuses on t he sex war and separatism (they see patriarchy as …
The media frequently reports on criminal activity as it has a right to do. However, some believe that the media sensationalises crime so as to create moral panic and that this is used as a way of controlling how the public behaves. Right realists are linked to moral panic while left realists condemn is use because they do believe it is used to modify behaviour. Moral panic is a term used to describe media presentation of something that has happened that the public will react to in a panicky manner. Moral panic has a tenden…
Right realism advocates ‘small’ government and considers the phenomenon of crime from the perspective of political conservatism. Right realism assumes it takes a more realistic view of the causes of crime and deviance . Right realists believe crime and deviance are a real social problem that requires practical solutions. It is said that right realism perpetuates moral panics as a means of swaying the public to agree with their views. For example, the media claims that elderly people are scared to be attacked when venturing out, when …
Why do people commit crimes and what is a ‘typical criminal’? There is little doubt that some commit a crime such as shoplifting out of desperation, especially when food is concerned. Yet the same crime also attracts the attention of organised gangs who steal to order and cost stores hundreds of millions each year. The same crime but carried for different motives; one for survival, the other to make as much money as possible for as little work as possible. If caught, should each be treated the same as they committed the same crime…
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